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transparent conducting film
Transparent conducting films (TCFs) are optically transparent and electrically conductive in thin layers. They are an important component of a number of electronic devices including liquid-crystal displays, OLEDs, touchscreens and photovoltaics.〔() Hecht, D. S; Hu, l. Irvin, G. "Emerging Transparent Electrodes Based on Thin Films of Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene and Metallic Nanostructures, 2011, Advanced Materials, 23, 1482"〕 While indium tin oxide (ITO) is the most widely used, alternatives including other transparent conductive oxides (TCOs), conductive polymers, metal grids, and carbon nanotube〔 (CNT), graphene,〔 nanowire〔 and ultra thin metal films 〔Optically enhanced semi-transparent organic solar cells through hybrid metal/nanoparticle/dielectric nanostructure http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.08.014〕 all show promise in some applications.
TCFs for photovoltaic applications have been fabricated from both inorganic and organic materials. Inorganic films typically are made up of a layer of transparent conducting oxide (TCO),〔(Conductive Oxide Thin Films ) Materion Technical Paper, "Transparent Conductive Oxide Thin Films"〕 generally in the form of indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO), and doped zinc oxide. Organic films are being developed using carbon nanotube networks and graphene, which can be fabricated to be highly transparent to infrared light, along with networks of polymers such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and its derivatives.
Transparent conducting films act as a window for light to pass through to the active material beneath (where carrier generation occurs), as an ohmic contact for carrier transport out of the photovoltaic, and can also act as transparent carrier for surface mount devices used between laminated glass or light transmissive composites. Transparent materials possess bandgaps with energies corresponding to wavelengths which are shorter than the visible range of 380 nm to 750 nm. As such, photons with energies below the bandgap are not collected by these materials and thus visible light passes through. However, applications such as photovoltaics may require an even broader bandgap to avoid unwanted absorption of the solar spectra.
==Transparent conducting oxides==
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